THE EFFECTS OF INTRAVITREAL ANTI-VEGF INJECTION ON THE MACULAR EDEMA AND VISUAL ACUITY OF PATIENTS WITH WET ARMD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58885/ijllis.v12i9.37esAbstract
Globally, age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, is the primary cause of irreversible vision loss. It has 2 late-stage manifestations, which may coexist: a nonneo-vascular form known as geographic atrophy and a neovascular form characterized by the presence of macular neovascularization, previously known as choroidal neovascularization. Risk factors for AMD may be nonmodifiable (eg, age) or modifiable (eg, cigarette smoking and low micronutrient intake). According to multiple genome-wide association studies, genetic factors account for at least 55% of total AMD risk, and the pathway most consistently implicated in AMD is the complement cascade. For exudative AMD, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents are the cornerstone of care and are typically administered using 1 of 3 broad approaches: fixed-interval dosing, as-needed dosing, or treat-and-extend dosing. In addition to AMD, multiple retinal pathologies may lead to choroidal neovascularization; these distinct exudative diseases are also frequently managed with antivascular endothelial growth factor drugs. Case report: We describe three months of treatment with three intavitrealaflibercept (EYLEA) in two cases of ARMD with macular edema. Following each injection, the visual acuity (VA) increased in both of the cases. The purpose of this article is to review how anti-VEGF medications affect macular edema and help ARMD patients see better.
Keywords: ARMD; macular edema, coroidalneovascularisation, visual acuity, anti-VEGF treatment.
References
Bowling B. Kanski’s clinical ophthalmology, international edition (8th ed). Published in 2015.
National Eye Insitute, Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), 22 June 2022.
American Academy of Ophthalmology, What is macular degeneration? Published in 2023. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/amd-macular-degeneration
Batterbury M, Murphy, C.Ophthalmology 4th ed. Published in 2018.
Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS). Published in 1999.
Haugsdal J, Sohn E. Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From One Medical Student to Another [online]. Published in 2018. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15246-macular-degeneration, 2023
Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Published in 2001. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/treatment/, 2023
Voegtli R. The Amsler Grid.[CC BY-SA].
National Eye Institute NI of H. Distorted Amsler Grid. [CC BY-SA].
National Institute For Health And Care Excellence. Macular degeneration–age-related (Summary) – NICE CKS [Internet]. Published in 2016.
Ghasemi Falavarjani K, Nguyen Q. Adverse events and complications associated with intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents: a review of literature. Published in 2013.
Klein R, Klein BE, Knudtson MD, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in 4 racial/ethnic groups in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.Ophthalmology. 2006; 113(3): 373-380.
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/promising-new-treatments-amd, 2023
Silva R, Berta A, Larsen M, Macfadden W, Feller C, Monés J; TREND Study Group. Treat- and-extend versus monthly regimen in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: results with ranibizumab from the TREND study. Ophthalmology. 2018; 125(1): 57–65
Lim TH, Lai TYY, Takahashi K, et al; EVEREST II Study Group. Comparison of ranibizumab with or without verteporfin photodynamic therapy for polypoidalchoroidalvasculopathy: the EVEREST II randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020; 138(9): 935–942.
Dugel PU, Singh RP, Koh A, et al. HAWK and HARRIER: ninety-six-week outcomes from the phase 3 trials of brolucizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2021; 128(1):89–99.
nAMD and RVO: Understanding the Impact on Patient Lives and the Need for Timely Diagnosis and Referral.Eye Health Academy. March 2021.
Owsley C, McGwin G Jr, Clark ME, et al. Delayed Rod-Mediated Dark Adaptation Is a Functional Biomarker for Incident Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Ophthalmology. 2016;123(2):344-351. doi: http://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.09.041
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Declaration/Copyright transfer:
1. In consideration of the undertaking set out in paragraph 2, and upon acceptance by ANGLISTICUM for publication of the manuscript in the Journal, I/We hereby assign and transfer publication rights to ANGLISTICUM, whereas I/We retain the copyright for the manuscript. This assignment provides ANGLISTICUM the sole right and responsibility to publish the manuscript in its printed and online version, and/or in other media formats.
2. In consideration of this assignment, ANGLISTICUM hereby undertakes to prepare and publish the manuscript in the Journal, subject only to its right to refuse publication if there is a breach of the Author’s warranty in paragraph 4 or if there are other reasonable grounds.
3. Editors and the editorial board of ANGLISTICUM are empowered to make such editorial changes as may be necessary to make the Manuscript suitable for publication.
4. I/We hereby acknowledge that: (a) The manuscript submitted is an original work and that I/We participated in the work substantively and thus I/We hereby are prepared to take public responsibility for the work; (b) I/We hereby have seen and approved the manuscript as submitted and that the manuscript has not either been published, submitted or considered for publication elsewhere; (c) The text, illustration, and any other materials included in the manuscript do not infringe upon any existing copyright or other rights of anyone.
5. I/We hereby indemnify ANGLISTICUM and the respective Editors of the Journal as mentioned in paragraph 3, and hold them harmless from any loss, expense or damage occasioned by a claim or suit by a third party for copyright infringement, or any suit arising out of any breach of the foregoing warranties as a result of publication of the manuscript.
